RESUMO
AIMS: To describe and evaluate pain scales used to measure nipple pain in breastfeeding women and to identify nipple pain intensity in women with or without nipple damage. BACKGROUND: Nipple pain is one of the most common reasons given for premature cessation of breastfeeding. However, there are no agreed tools to measure pain and no previous reviews have provided summary estimates of pain scores. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS. REVIEW METHODS: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The guiding question was: How is nipple pain in breastfeeding women measured and how severe is it? We analysed articles published up to February 2018, excluded review articles and those that did not present the level of nipple pain or tools to estimate pain severity. RESULTS: A total of 1,023 articles were identified and 25 were included in the review after applying the exclusion criteria. The Numeric Rating Scale (nine studies) and Visual Analogue Scale (seven studies) were the most prevalent tools for measuring pain. Using a pain score between 0-10, women with nipple damage reported a weighted mean of 6.2 in the first week and 5.8 after that period; women without damage reported a weighted mean of 2.7. CONCLUSION: Women with nipple damage consistently reported a higher level of pain than women without damage. To prevent premature cessation of breastfeeding, it is important to help new mothers avoid nipple damage.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/efeitos adversos , Mães/psicologia , Mamilos/fisiopatologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Dor/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Manejo da Dor/métodosRESUMO
Resumo Objetivo Traduzir para a língua portuguesa e validar a escala de avaliação da amamentação LATCH. Métodos Tratou-se de um estudo do tipo metodológico, por meio da tradução e validação de instrumento. Seguiu-se as etapas estabelecidas: tradução, back-translation, comitê de juízes, pré-teste e validação. O processo de validação inclui a análise de 160 mamadas de mulheres nos primeiros dias pós-parto, durante a internação hospitalar. Resultados Os resultados obtidos indicam que o instrumento LATCH traduzido para o português pode ser utilizado na avaliação do aleitamento materno pelo profissional enfermeiro, possibilitando a detecção precoce de possíveis problemas apresentados pelo binômio mãe-bebê durante a amamentação. Conclusão O estudo cumpriu o objetivo de adaptar para a língua portuguesa e verificar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento de avaliação de aleitamento materno LATCH. A validade do instrumento LATCH mede o que foi concebido para medir, sendo ele aplicável na prática clínica.
Abstract Objective To translate into Portuguese and validate the LATCH breastfeeding assessment scale. Methods This was a methodological study through translation and validation of the instrument. The following steps were followed: translation, back-translation, committee of judges, pre-test and validation. The validation process includes the analysis of 160 women in breastfeeding in the first postpartum days during hospitalization. Results The results indicate that the LATCH instrument translated into Portuguese can be used by nurses for breastfeeding assessment, enabling the early detection of possible problems presented by the mother-baby binomial during breastfeeding. Conclusion The study fulfilled the objective of adapting the LATCH breastfeeding assessment instrument to the Portuguese language and verifying its psychometric properties. The LATCH instrument validity measures what it was designed to do and is applicable in clinical practice.
